An Elementary Pali Course

Lesson X

A. Declension of Nouns ending in "´"

SŒm´: m. lord, husband
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. sŒm´ sŒm´, sŒmino
Voc. sŒm´ sŒm´, sŒmino
Acc. sŒmiµ sŒm´, sŒmino
Instr. sŒminŒ sŒm´bhi, sŒm´hi
Abl. sŒminŒ, sŒmimhŒ, sŒmismŒ sŒm´bhi, sŒm´hi
Dat., Gen. sŒmino, sŒmissa sŒm´naµ
Loc. sŒmini, sŒmimhi, sŒmismiµ sŒm´su
The Loc. sing. has an additional "ni".
     
Terminations
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -- --, no
Voc. i --, no
Acc. µ --, no
The rest like "i" terminations.
     
Daö´: n. one who has a stick
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. daöi daö´, daöini
Acc. daöiµ daö´, daöini
     
Terminations
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom., Voc. i ´, ni
Acc. µ ´, ni
The rest like the masculine.
     
NŒr´: f. woman
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. nŒr´ nŒr´, nŒriyo
Voc. nŒri nŒr´, nŒriyo
Acc. nŒriµ nŒr´, nŒriyo
Instr., Abl. nŒriyŒ nŒr´bhi, nŒr´hi
Dat., Gen. nŒriyŒ nŒr´naµ
Loc. nŒriyŒ, nŒriyaµ nŒr´su
     
Terminations
  SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. -- --, iyo
Voc. i --, iyo
Acc. µ --, iyo
The rest like "i" terminations.

 

Words:
AppamŒda m.   earnestness, heedfulness
Bhagin´ f.   sister
BrahmacŒr´ m.   celibate
DhammacŒr´ m.   he who acts righteously
Dhana n.   wealth
Duggati f.   evil state
Have indec.   indeed, certainly
Iva indec.   like
Janan´ f.   mother
Mahes´ f.   queen
MedhŒv´ m.   wise man
pŒpa n.   evil
PŒpakŒr´ m.   evil-doer
Pu––a n.   merit, good
Pu––akŒr´ m.   well-doer
SeÊÊha adj.   excellent, chief
Sugati f.   good or happy state

B. The Formation of Feminines

Some feminines are formed by adding "Œ" and "´" to the masculines ending in "a".

Examples:-
Aja goat AjΠshe-goat
Assa horse AssΠmare
UpŒsaka male devotee UpŒsikŒ female devotee
DŒraka boy DarikŒ girl
(If the noun ends in "ka", the preceding vowel is often changed into "i".)
Deva god Dev´ goddess
DŒsa servant DŒs´ maid-servant
Nara man NŒr´ woman

Some are formed by adding "ni" or "ini" to the masculines ending in "a", "i", "´", and "u".

Examples:-
RŒja king   RŒjin´ queen
Hatthi elephant   Hatthin´ she-elephant
MedhŒv´ wise man   MedhŒvin´ wise woman
Bhikkhu monk   Bhikkhun´ nun

But :
MŒtula, uncle becomes mŒtulŒn´, aunt and
Gahapati, male house-holder - gahapatŒn´, female house-holder.

Exercise 10-A

1. "Dhammo have rakkhati DhammacŒr´."
2. "Na duggatiµ gacchati dhammacŒr´."
3. NarŒ ca nŒriyo ca pu––aµ katvŒ sugat´su uppajjissanti.
4. Bhagin´ tassa sŒminŒ saddiµ jananiµ passituµ sve gamissati.
5. PŒpakŒr´, tumhe pŒpaµ katvŒ duggat´su uppajjissatha.
6. IdŒni mayaµ brahmacŒrino homa.
7. Mahesiyo nŒr´naµ pu––aµ kŒtuµ dhanaµ denti.
8. Hatthino ca hatthiniyo ca aÊav´su ca pabbatesu ca vasanti.
9. Mayhaµ sŒmino janan´ bhikkhun´na–* ca upŒsikŒna– ca saºgaöhi.
10. Mahesi narapatinŒ saddhiµ sve nagaraµ pŒpuöissati.
11. MedhŒvino ca medhŒviniyo ca appamŒdena Dhammaµ uggaöhitvŒ muttiµ labhissanti.
12. Pu––akŒrino brahmacŒr´hi saddhiµ vasituµ icchanti.
13. NŒriyo mahesiµ passituµ nagaraµ agamiµsu.
14. Bhikkhuniyo gahapatŒn´naµ ovŒdaµ adaµsu.
15. "AppamŒda– ca medhŒvi - dhanaµ seÊÊhaµ'va** rakkhati."

*Niggahita (µ) when followed by a group consonant is changed into the nasal of that particular group, e.g.,
saµ + gaho = saºgaho
saµ + ÊhŒna = saöÊhŒna
ahaµ + pi = aham'pi
ahaµ + ca = aha– ca
taµ + dhanaµ = tandhanaµ

**SeÊÊhaµ + iva.

Exercise 10-B

1. Those who act righteously will not do evil and be born in evil states.
2. The well-doers will obtain their deliverance.
3. My husband mounted the elephant and fell on the ground.
4. She went to school with her sister.
5. The queen's mother is certainly a wise lady.
6. Boys and girls are studying with diligence to get presents from their mothers and fathers.
7. Men and women go with flowers in their hands to the temple everyday.
8. My sister is protecting her mother as an excellent treasure.
9. Mother, I shall go to see my uncle and aunt tomorrow.
10. Amongst celebates* there are wise men.
11. Having seen the elephant, the she-goats ran away through fear.
12. The king, accompanied by** the queen, arrived in the city yesterday.

*Use the Locative.

**Use "Saddhiµ".