An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson XIX
A. Declension of Go
| Go: m. bull | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Nom., Voc. | go | gŒvo, gavo |
| Acc. | gŒvuµ, gavaµ, gŒvaµ | gŒvo, gavo |
| Instr. | gŒvena, gavena | gobhi, gohi |
| Abl. | gŒvŒ, gavŒ, gŒvamhŒ, gavamhŒ, gŒvasmŒ, gavasmŒ | gobhi, gohi |
| Dat., Gen. | gŒvassa, gavassa | gavaµ, gunnaµ, gonaµ |
| Loc. | gŒve, gave, gŒvamhi, gavamhi, gŒvasmiµ, gavasmiµ | gosu |
| mana, n. mind | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Nom. | manaµ | manŒ, manŒni |
| Voc. | mana, manŒ | manŒni |
| Acc. | manaµ | mane, manŒni |
| Instr. | mansŒ, manena | manebhi, manehi |
| Abl. | manasŒ, manŒ, manamhŒ, manasmŒ | manebhi, manehi |
| Dat., Gen. | manaso, manassa | manŒnaµ |
| Loc. | manasi, mane, manamhi, manasmiµ | manesu |
The following nouns are declined like
"mana":
aha, day
aya, iron
ceta, mind
chanda, wish, consent, metre
oja, essence
pŒya, water, milk
raja, dust
sara, lake
sira, head
tama, darkness
tapa, asceticism, control
teja, majesty
ura, shoulder
vaca, word
vaya, age
yasa, glory
B. Perfect Tense (H´yattan´)
| Terminations | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | Œ | è |
| 2nd | o | ttha |
| 1st | a | mhΠ|
| paca | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| 3rd | apacŒ | apacè |
| 2nd | apaco | apacattha |
| 1st | apaca, apacaµ | apacamhŒ |
In this tense, as in the first past tense (ajjatan´), "a" is prefixed to the root. Sometimes an additional "µ" is found in the 1st person.
As a rule the Ajjatan´ is more commonly used than the H´yattan´ to express the past. It will be safer for the students to adopt the former*.
*See lesson VII.
Exercise 19-A
| 1. | "Etad* avoca satthŒ." |
| 2. | "BhagavŒ etam'Œha." |
| 3. | "Idam'avoca BhagavŒ." |
| 4. | "ŒcariyŒ evam'Œha." |
| 5. | "Atthaµ hi nŒtho saraöaµ avoca." |
| 6. | "SatthŒ taµ itthiµ Œha - 'etissŒ tava puttaµ deh´'ti." |
| 7. | Eko go tamasi khettaµ agamŒ. |
| 8. | VayasŒ ahaµ pa–ca v´sati vassŒni. |
| 9. | "ManasŒ saµvaro sŒdhu." |
| 10. | "Taµ sŒdhukaµ suöŒhi, manasi karohi." |
| 11. | AmhŒkaµ sattuno pŒde mayaµ sirasŒ avandamhŒ. |
| 12. | Tava vacasŒ vŒ manasŒ vŒ mŒ ki– ci pŒpakaµ kammaµ karohi. |
| 13. | Ayaµ nŒvŒ ayasŒ katŒ. |
| 14. | Satta ahŒni mayaµ ki–ci'pi ŒhŒraµ na abhu–jamhŒ. |
| 15. | Mayhaµ bhŒtŒ gonaµ tiöaµ adŒ. |
*Etaµ + avoca = Etad avoca.
Exercise 19-B
| 1. | There is no dust in this street. |
| 2. | The consent of the sick monks should be taken. |
| 3. | Fathers carry their sons on their shoulders. |
| 4. | My father is 45 years of age. |
| 5. | The World was in darkness for four days. |
| 6. | We should purify our own mind. |
| 7. | A fruit from the tree fell on my head. |
| 8. | The farmers caused their sons to give grass to the cattle and went to the city. |
| 9. | People reverence him on account of his asceticism. |
| 10. | In glory may you shine like the moon. |
| 11. | The king by his majesty conquered all the people. |
| 12. | They have no anger in their minds. |
| 13. | The cattle do not drink the water of this lake. |
| 14. | There is no essence in this milk. |