An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson XVII
A. Some Irregular Nouns Ending in "a"
Atta*: m. soul, self | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | att | attno |
Voc. | atta, att | attno |
Acc. | attnaµ, attaµ | attno |
Instr. | attena, attan | attanebhi, attanehi |
Abl. | attan, attamh, attasm | attanebhi, attanehi |
Dat., Gen. | attano | attnaµ |
Loc. | attani | attanesu |
*This noun is sometimes used in the sense of a reflexive pronoun. | ||
Rja: m. king | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | rj | rjno |
Voc. | rja, rj | rjno |
Acc. | rjnaµ, rjaµ | rjno |
Instr. | ra, rjena | rjèbhi, rjèhi, rjebhi, rjehi |
Abl. | ra, rjamh, rjasm | rjèbhi, rjèhi, rjebhi, rjehi |
Dat., Gen. | rao, rjino | raaµ, rjènaµ, rjnaµ |
Loc. | rae, rjini, rjamhi, rjasmiµ | rjusu, rjèsu, rjesu |
B. Conjugations
In PÂi there are seven conjugations. They differ according to their respective conjugational signs (Vikaraöa) which are added on to the roots before the terminations.
There is no definite rule to indicate to which class of conjugation the roots belong.
The conjugations are as follows:- | |||
Class | Conj. sign | Pres. 3rd | |
1st | paca - to cook | a | pac + a + ti = pacati |
bhè - to be | bhè + a + ti | ||
= bhav + a + ti = bhavati | |||
2nd | rudhi - to hinder | µ.....a | ru-µ-dh + a + ti = rundhati |
(In this conjugation too the conjugational sign is "a", but "µ" is argumented before the final consonant of the root and is afterwards changed into the nasal of the group-consonant that follows. This rule applies only to the active voice.) | |||
bhuja - to eat | bhu--ja + a + ti = bhujati | ||
3rd | divu - to shine | ya | div + ya + ti = divyati |
= dibyati = dibbati | |||
h - to abandon | h + ya + ti = hyati | ||
4th | su - to hear | öu, ö, uö | su + ö + ti = suºti |
also - su + öu + ti = suöoti | |||
pa + apa - to arrive | pa + apa + uö + ti = ppuöti | ||
5th | ji - to conquer | n* | ji + n + ti = jinti |
6th | tanu - to spread | o, yira | tanu + o + ti = tanoti |
kara - to do | kara + o + ti = karoti | ||
+ yira + ti = kayirati | |||
7th | cura - to steal | e, aya | cura + e + ti = coreti |
cura + aya + ti = corayati |
*In the conjugation of the root ki, to buy, which belongs to this class n is changed into ö; e.g. ki + ö + ti = kiöti.
The initial vowel in this class, not followed by a double consonant, undergoes vuddhi substitute, i.e., a, i and u become , e, o respectively.
Words: | |||
Amacca | m. | minister | |
Attha | m. | matter, good, welfare, meaning | |
Hi | indec. | indeed | |
Ntha | m. | lord, refuge | |
Psda | m. | palace | |
RaÊÊha | n. | country, kingdom, realm | |
SaökiÂissati | (kilisa with saµ) | is defiled | |
Siy | 3rd pers. singular subjunctive of asa | to be | |
Ti | indec. | thus. This particle is used in quoting the words of others, at the end of sentences, etc. | |
Vihaati | (hana with vi) | perishes | |
Visujjhati | (sudha with vi) | is purified |
Exercise 17-A
1. | "Ayaµ me attano attho." |
2. | "Na me so att." |
3. | "Bhagavato etaµ* atthaµ roceyyma." |
4. | "Dhammaµ cara rja!" |
5. | "Att hi attano ntho - Ko hi ntho paro siy." |
6. | "Attnaµ rakkhanto paraµ rakkhati. Paraµ rakkhanto attnaµ rakkhati." |
7. | At´te pana amhkaµ raÊÊhe guöav rj ahosi. |
8. | Ra likhitaµ* idaµ lekhanaµ amacc passantu! |
9. | Ppakehi amaccehi rao ko attho? |
10. | Amhkaµ rjnaµ passituµ puratthimya disya dve rjno gat. |
11. | Rj attano mahesiy saddhiµ psde vasati. |
12. | Catèhi dishi cattro rjno gantv Bhagavantaµ vanditv etam'atthaµ pucchiµsu. |
13. | "Putt m'atthi dhanaµ
m'atthi - Iti blo vihaati Att hi attano n'atthi - Kuto putt kuto dhanaµ." |
14. | "Attan'va kataµ ppaµ
- attan saökilissati Attan akataµ ppaµ - attan'va visujjhati." |
*µ is changed into m.
Exercise 17-B
1. | l am my own master. |
2. | He advised himself. |
3. | These presents were sent by the king. |
4. | Good or evil is done by oneself. |
5. | The ministers taking their own sons went to the palace to see the king. |
6. | It is not good for kings to get angry with the people. |
7. | Virtuous kings are always respected by all. |
8. | He does not know his own good. |
9. | Righteous kings do not wish to associate with wicked kings. |
10. | By wisdom is one purified. |
11. | Ministers obtain wealth by means of kings. |
12. | He for his own good associates with kings and ministers. |
13. | Some kings perish on account of their greediness towards the countries of others. |
14. | The ministers told that matter to the king. |
15. | He does not shine like a king. |