An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson XIII
A. Relative Pronouns
| Ya: who, which, that | |||
| SINGULAR | |||
| m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | yo | yaµ | yŒ |
| Acc. | yaµ | yaµ | |
| Instr. | yena | yŒya | |
| Abl. | yamhŒ, yasmŒ | yŒya | |
| Dat., Gen. | yassa | yassa, yŒya | |
| Loc. | yamhi, yasmiµ | yassaµ, yŒyaµ | |
| PLURAL | |||
| m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | ye | ye, yŒni | yŒ, yŒyo |
| Acc. | ye | ye, yŒni | yŒ, yŒyo |
| Instr., Abl. | yebhi, yehi | yŒbhi, yŒhi | |
| Dat., Gen. | yesaµ, yesŒnaµ | yŒsaµ, yŒsŒnaµ | |
| Loc. | yesu | yŒsu | |
| Ta: who, he | |||
| SINGULAR | |||
| m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | so | naµ, taµ | sŒ |
| Acc. | naµ, taµ | naµ, taµ | |
| Instr. | nena, tena | nŒya, tŒya | |
| Abl. | namhŒ, tamhŒ, nasmŒ, tasmŒ | nŒya, tŒya | |
| Dat., Gen. | nassa, tassa | tissŒya, tissŒ, tassŒ, tŒya | |
| Loc. | namhi, tamhi, nasmiµ, tasmiµ | tissaµ, tassaµ, tŒyaµ | |
| PLURAL | |||
| m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | ne, te | ne, te, nŒni, tŒni | nŒ, nŒyo, tŒ, tŒyo |
| Acc. | ne, te | ne, te, nŒni, tŒni | nŒ, nŒyo, tŒ, tŒyo |
| Instr., Abl. | nebhi, nehi, tebhi, tehi | nŒbhi, nŒhi, tŒbhi, tŒhi | |
| Dat., Gen. | nesaµ, nesŒnaµ, tesaµ, tesŒnaµ | tŒsaµ, tŒsŒnaµ | |
| Loc. | nesu, tesu | tŒsu | |
The forms beginning with "t" are more commonly used.
The pronouns "ya" and "ta" are frequently used together. They are treated as Correlatives.
Examples:-
"Yo Dhammaµ passati so Buddhaµ passati"
He who sees the Dhamma sees the Buddha.
"Yaµ hoti taµ hotu" - be it as it may
yaµ icchasi taµ vadehi - Say what you wish
"Yo gilŒnaµ upaÊÊhŒti so maµ upaÊÊhŒti"
He who serves the sick serves me.
| Eta: that (yonder) | ||||||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |||||
| m. | n. | f. | m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | eso | etaµ | esŒ | ete | ete, etŒni | etŒ, etŒyo |
| Acc. | etaµ | etaµ | etaµ | ete | ete, etŒni | etŒ, etŒyo |
The rest like "ta", with the exception of forms beginning with "n".
B. The Interrogative Pronoun
| Ka: who, which? | |||
| SINGULAR | |||
| m. | n. | f. | |
| Nom. | ko | kaµ, kiµ | kŒ |
| Acc. | kaµ | kaµ, kiµ | kŒ |
| Instr. | kena | kŒya | |
| Abl. | kamhŒ, kasmŒ | kŒya | |
| Dat., Gen. | kassa, kissa | kŒya, kassŒ± | |
| Loc. | kamhi, kasmiµ, kimhi, kismiµ | kŒya, kŒyaµ | |
The rest like "ya".
"ci" is suffixed to all the cases of "ka" in all the genders to form Indefinite Pronouns; e.g., koci, kŒci, any, etc.
| The following adjectives are declined like "ya":- | ||
| A––a | another | |
| A––atara | certain | |
| Apara | other, subsequent, Western | |
| Dhakkhiöa | South | |
| Eka | one, certain, some | |
| Itara | different, the remaining | |
| Katara | what? which? (generally of the two) | |
| Katama | what? which? (generally of many) | |
| Pacchima | West | |
| Para | other, different | |
| Pubba | first, foremost, Eastern, earlier | |
| Puratthima | East | |
| Sabba | all | |
| Uttara | higher, superior, Northern | |
A––a, a––atara, itara, eka are sometimes declined in the Dative and Genitive feminine singular as: a––issŒ, a––atarissŒ, itarissŒ and ekissŒ respectively; in the Locative feminine singular as: a––issaµ, a––atarissaµ, itarissaµ and ekissaµ respectively.
Pubba, para, apara are sometimes declined in the Ablative masculine singular, as: pubbŒ, parŒ, and aparŒ respectively; in the locative masculine singular, as: pubbe, pare, and apare respectively.
| Words: | |||
| ŒdŒya | indec. p. p. | (dŒ with Œ) having taken | |
| DisΠ| f. | quarter, direction | |
| Kiµ | indec. | Why? what? pray | |
| NŒma | n. | name; mind | |
| indec. | by name, indeed | ||
| (Sometimes used without a meaning.) | |||
| Nu | indec. | pray, I wonder! | |
| (Sometimes used in asking a question.) | |||
| Payojana | indec. | use, need | |
| VΠ| indec. | either, or | |
Exercise 13-A
| 1. | Ko nŒma tvaµ? |
| 2. | Ko nŒma eso? |
| 3. | Ko nŒma te Œcariyo? |
| 4. | IdŒni eso kiµ karissati? |
| 5. | Kiµ tvaµ etaµ pucchasi? |
| 6. | EsŒ nŒr´ te kiµ hoti? |
| 7. | Sve kim'ete karissanti? |
| 8. | Kassa bhikkhussa taµ potthakaµ pesessŒma? |
| 9. | Tesaµ dhanena me kiµ payojanaµ? |
| 10. | Ko jŒnŒti 'kiµ'eso karissat´'ti? |
| 11. | Kissa phalaµ nŒma etaµ? |
| 12. | KŒyaµ disŒyaµ tassŒ janan´ idŒni vasati? |
| 13. | Kassa dhammaµ sotuµ ete icchanti? |
| 14. | "Yo Dhammaµ passati so Buddham passati, yo Buddhaµ passati so Dhammaµ pasati." |
| 15. | Yaµ tvaµ icchasi taµ etassa arocehi. |
| 16. | Yaµ te karonti tam* eva gahetvŒ paraµ lokaµ gacchanti. |
| 17. | Yassaµ disŒyaµ so vasati tassaµ disŒyaµ ete'pi vasituµ icchanti. |
| 18. | Eso naro ekaµ vadati, esŒ nŒr´ a––aµ vadati. |
| 19. | Paresaµ bhaöŒni mayaµ na gaöhŒma. |
| 20. | EtŒni phalŒni mŒ tassa sakuöassa detha. |
| 21. | IdŒni sbbe'pi te Bhikkhè uttarŒya disŒya a––atarasmiµ ŒrŒme vasanti. |
| 22. | Etasmiµ nagare sabbe narŒ aparaµ nagaraµ agamiµsu. |
| 23. | Ki–ci'pi kŒtuµ so na jŒnŒti. |
| 24. | Katamaµ disaµ tumhe gantuµ iccheyyŒtha -puratthimaµ vŒ dakkhiöaµ vŒ pacchimaµ vŒ uttaraµ vŒ? |
| 25. | KatarŒya disŒya tvaµ suriyaµ passasi -pubŒyaµ vŒ aparŒyaµ vŒ? |
*When a niggahita (µ) is followed by a vowel, it is sometimes changed into "m". See note in Exercise 10-A.
Exercise 13-B
| 1. | Who is she? |
| 2. | What is his name? |
| 3. | In which direction did he go? |
| 4. | Is he a relative of yours? |
| 5. | What is the name of that fruit? |
| 6. | From whom did you buy those books? |
| 7. | With whom shall we go today? |
| 8. | In whose garden are those boys and girls playing? |
| 9. | In which direction do you see the sun in the morning? |
| 10. | Of what use is that to him or to her? |
| 11. | To whom did he give those presents? |
| 12. | What is the use of your wealth, millionaire? You are not going to take all that with you to the other world. Therefore* eat well. Have no attachment to your wealth. Grief results thereby.** Do merit with that wealth of yours. Erect hospitals for the sick schools for children, temples for monks and nuns. It is those good actions you take with you when you go to the other world. |
| 13. | Those who do good deeds are sure to be born in good states. |
| 14. | Let him say what he likes. |
| 15. | We did not write all those letters. |
| 16. | You should not tell others all that you see with your eyes. |
| 17. | We like to live in cities in which wise men live. |
*Use "tasmŒ".
**Use "tena".