An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson X
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "´"
Sm´: m. lord, husband | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | sm´ | sm´, smino |
Voc. | sm´ | sm´, smino |
Acc. | smiµ | sm´, smino |
Instr. | smin | sm´bhi, sm´hi |
Abl. | smin, smimh, smism | sm´bhi, sm´hi |
Dat., Gen. | smino, smissa | sm´naµ |
Loc. | smini, smimhi, smismiµ | sm´su |
The Loc. sing. has an additional "ni". | ||
Terminations | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | -- | --, no |
Voc. | i | --, no |
Acc. | µ | --, no |
The rest like "i" terminations. | ||
Daö¶´: n. one who has a stick | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom., Voc. | daö¶i | daö¶´, daö¶ini |
Acc. | daö¶iµ | daö¶´, daö¶ini |
Terminations | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom., Voc. | i | ´, ni |
Acc. | µ | ´, ni |
The rest like the masculine. | ||
Nr´: f. woman | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | nr´ | nr´, nriyo |
Voc. | nri | nr´, nriyo |
Acc. | nriµ | nr´, nriyo |
Instr., Abl. | nriy | nr´bhi, nr´hi |
Dat., Gen. | nriy | nr´naµ |
Loc. | nriy, nriyaµ | nr´su |
Terminations | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
Nom. | -- | --, iyo |
Voc. | i | --, iyo |
Acc. | µ | --, iyo |
The rest like "i" terminations. |
Words: | |||
Appamda | m. | earnestness, heedfulness | |
Bhagin´ | f. | sister | |
Brahmacr´ | m. | celibate | |
Dhammacr´ | m. | he who acts righteously | |
Dhana | n. | wealth | |
Duggati | f. | evil state | |
Have | indec. | indeed, certainly | |
Iva | indec. | like | |
Janan´ | f. | mother | |
Mahes´ | f. | queen | |
Medhv´ | m. | wise man | |
ppa | n. | evil | |
Ppakr´ | m. | evil-doer | |
Pua | n. | merit, good | |
Puakr´ | m. | well-doer | |
SeÊÊha | adj. | excellent, chief | |
Sugati | f. | good or happy state |
B. The Formation of Feminines
Some feminines are formed by adding "" and "´" to the masculines ending in "a".
Examples:- | |||
Aja | goat | Aj | she-goat |
Assa | horse | Ass | mare |
Upsaka | male devotee | Upsik | female devotee |
Draka | boy | Darik | girl |
(If the noun ends in "ka", the preceding vowel is often changed into "i".) | |||
Deva | god | Dev´ | goddess |
Dsa | servant | Ds´ | maid-servant |
Nara | man | Nr´ | woman |
Some are formed by adding "ni" or "ini" to the masculines ending in "a", "i", "´", and "u".
Examples:- | ||||
Rja | king | Rjin´ | queen | |
Hatthi | elephant | Hatthin´ | she-elephant | |
Medhv´ | wise man | Medhvin´ | wise woman | |
Bhikkhu | monk | Bhikkhun´ | nun |
But :
Mtula, uncle becomes mtuln´, aunt and
Gahapati, male house-holder - gahapatn´, female
house-holder.
Exercise 10-A
1. | "Dhammo have rakkhati Dhammacr´." |
2. | "Na duggatiµ gacchati dhammacr´." |
3. | Nar ca nriyo ca puaµ katv sugat´su uppajjissanti. |
4. | Bhagin´ tassa smin saddiµ jananiµ passituµ sve gamissati. |
5. | Ppakr´, tumhe ppaµ katv duggat´su uppajjissatha. |
6. | Idni mayaµ brahmacrino homa. |
7. | Mahesiyo nr´naµ puaµ ktuµ dhanaµ denti. |
8. | Hatthino ca hatthiniyo ca aÊav´su ca pabbatesu ca vasanti. |
9. | Mayhaµ smino janan´ bhikkhun´na* ca upsikna ca saºgaöhi. |
10. | Mahesi narapatin saddhiµ sve nagaraµ ppuöissati. |
11. | Medhvino ca medhviniyo ca appamdena Dhammaµ uggaöhitv muttiµ labhissanti. |
12. | Puakrino brahmacr´hi saddhiµ vasituµ icchanti. |
13. | Nriyo mahesiµ passituµ nagaraµ agamiµsu. |
14. | Bhikkhuniyo gahapatn´naµ ovdaµ adaµsu. |
15. | "Appamda ca medhvi - dhanaµ seÊÊhaµ'va** rakkhati." |
*Niggahita (µ) when followed by a group consonant
is changed into the nasal of that particular group, e.g.,
saµ + gaho = saºgaho
saµ + Êhna = saöÊhna
ahaµ + pi = aham'pi
ahaµ + ca = aha ca
taµ + dhanaµ = tandhanaµ
**SeÊÊhaµ + iva.
Exercise 10-B
1. | Those who act righteously will not do evil and be born in evil states. |
2. | The well-doers will obtain their deliverance. |
3. | My husband mounted the elephant and fell on the ground. |
4. | She went to school with her sister. |
5. | The queen's mother is certainly a wise lady. |
6. | Boys and girls are studying with diligence to get presents from their mothers and fathers. |
7. | Men and women go with flowers in their hands to the temple everyday. |
8. | My sister is protecting her mother as an excellent treasure. |
9. | Mother, I shall go to see my uncle and aunt tomorrow. |
10. | Amongst celebates* there are wise men. |
11. | Having seen the elephant, the she-goats ran away through fear. |
12. | The king, accompanied by** the queen, arrived in the city yesterday. |
*Use the Locative.
**Use "Saddhiµ".