An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson VII
A. Aorist (Ajjatan´) - Active voice
Terminations | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
3rd | ´ | uµ |
2nd | o | ttha |
1st | iµ | mha |
paca: to cook | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
3rd | apac´, pac´ | apacuµ, pacuµ |
apaci, paci | apaciµsu, paciµsu | |
he cooked | they cooked | |
2nd | apaco, paco | apacittha, pacittha |
you cooked | you cooked | |
1st | apaciµ, paciµ | apacimh, pacimh |
I cooked | we cooked | |
gamu: to go | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
3rd | agam´, gam´ | agamuµ, gamuµ |
agami, gami | agamiµsu, gamiµsu | |
2nd | agamo, gamo | agamittha, gamittha |
1st | agamiµ, gamiµ | agamimh, gamimh |
su: to hear | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
3rd | asuö´, suö´ | asuöiµsu |
asuöi, suöi | suöiµsu | |
2nd | asuöo, suöo | asuöittha, suöittha |
1st | asuöiµ, suöiµ | asuöimh, suöimh |
In the past tense the augment "a" is optionally used before the root*. The third person "´" is sometimes shortened, and the third person plural "uµ" is often changed into "iµsu". The vowel preceding "ttha" and "mh" is changed into "i". The second person "o" is mostly changed into "i".
Whenever the root or stem ends in a vowel e or the s Aorist is used, i.e. s is added before the suffix.
Examples:- | ||
SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
si | suµ, µsu | |
si | sittha | |
siµ | simh | |
d: to give | |
SING. | d + s + i = adsi |
PLU. | d + µsu = adaµsu |
disa: to preach | |
SING. | disa + s + i = desesi |
PLU. | disa + µsu = desiµsu |
Êh: to stand | |
SING. | Êh + s + i = aÊÊhsi |
PLU. | Êh + µsu = aÊÊhaµsu |
*This "a" should not be mistaken for the negative prefix "a".
B. Possessive Pronouns
SINGULAR | PLURAL | ||||
3rd | m. n. | tassa | his | tesaµ | their |
f. | tass | her | tsaµ | their | |
2nd | m. f. n. | tava, tuyhaµ | your or thine | tumhkaµ | your |
1st | m. f. n. | mama, mayhaµ | my | amhkaµ | our |
These are the Genitive cases of the Personal Pronouns.
Words: | |||
Aparaöha | m. | afternoon | |
Ciraµ | indec. | long, for a long time | |
Eva | indec. | just, quite, even, only (used as an emphatic affirmative) | |
H´yo | indec. | yesterday | |
Pto | indec. | early in the morning | |
Ptarsa | m. | morning meal | |
Pubbaöha | m. | forenoon | |
Purato | indec. | in the presence of | |
Syamsa | m. | evening meal, dinner | |
Viya | indec. | like |
Exercise 7-A
1. | Buddho loke uppajji. |
2. | H´yo samaöo dhammaµ desesi. |
3. | Drako pto'va* tassa pÊhaslaµ agam´. |
4. | îcariy tesaµ sissnaµ pubbaöhe ovdaµ adaµsu. |
5. | Ciraµ te amhkaµ gharaµ na agamiµsu. |
6. | Drik tsaµ janakassa purato aÊÊhaµsu. |
7. | Tvaµ tass hatthe mayhaµ pottakaµ passo. |
8. | Tvaµ gaºgyaµ nahyituµ pto'va agamo. |
9. | Tvaµ ajja ptarsaµ na bhujo. |
10. | Kuhiµ tumhe tumhkaµ mittehi saddhiµ aparaöhe agamittha? |
11. | Kasm tumhe'yeva** mama cariyassa lekhanni na likhittha? |
12. | Tumhe ciraµ mayhaµ putte na passittha. |
13. | Ahaµ tuyhaµ paöökre h´yo na alabhiµ. |
14. | Aham'eva*** gilnnaµ ajja osadhaµ adsiµ. |
15. | Ahaµ asse passituµ visikhyaµ aÊÊsiµ. |
16. | Mayaµ tuyhaµ cariyassa sisse ahosimh. |
17. | Mayaµ ajja pubbaöhe na uggaöhimh. |
18. | Samaö viya mayam'pi**** saddhya dhammaµ suöimh. |
*Pto + eva = pto'va. Here the following vowel is dropped.
**Tumhe + eva = Tumhe yeva. Sometimes "y" is augmented between vowels.
***Ahaµ + eva = aham'eva. When a niggahita is followed by a vowel it is sometimes changed into "m".
****Mayaµ + api = mayam'pi. Here the following vowel is dropped and niggahita is changed into "m".
Exercise 7-B
1. | I slept on my bed. |
2. | I stood in their garden in the evening. |
3. | I sat on a bench in the hall to write a letter to his friend. |
4. | We bathed in the river in the early morning*. |
5. | We ourselves** treated the sick yesterday. |
6. | For a long time we lived in our uncle's house in the city. |
7. | Child, why did you stand in front of your teacher? |
8. | Wife, you cooked rice in the morning. |
9. | Son, where did you go yesterday? |
10. | You obtained wisdom through your teachers. |
11. | Why did you not hear the Doctrine like your father? |
12. | Where did you take your dinner yesterday? |
13. | She was standing in her garden for a long time. |
14. | He himself*** washed the feet of his father. |
15. | For a long time my friend did not buy goods from his shop. |
16. | The doctors did not come to the hospital in the afternoon. |
17. | The boys and girls did not bring their books to school yesterday. |
18. | I myself gave medicine to the sick last**** morning. |
*Use Pto'va.
**Use mayam'eva.
***Use so eva.
****Use h´yo.