An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson IV
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "a" (contd.)
| Nara | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Locative | nare, naramhi, narasmiµ | naresu |
| in or upon a man | in or upon men | |
| Vocative | nara, narΠ| narΠ|
| O man! | O men! | |
| Terminations | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Locative | e, mhi, smiµ | esu |
| Vocative | a, Π| Π|
| Masculine Substantives: | ||
| îkŒsa | sky | |
| Ma–ca | bed | |
| Canda | moon | |
| Sakuöa | bird | |
| Kassaka | farmer | |
| Samudda | sea, ocean | |
| Maccha | fish | |
| Suriya | sun | |
| Magga | way, road | |
| VΚija | merchant | |
| Maggika | traveller | |
| Loka | world, mankind | |
B. Conjugation of Verbs
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | |
| paca: to cook | |||
| SING. | pacati | pacasi | pacŒmi |
| PLU. | pacanti | pacatha | pacŒma |
| su: to hear | |||
| SING. | suöŒti | suöŒsi | suöŒmi |
| PLU. | suöanti | suöŒtha | suöŒma |
| disa: to preach | |||
| SING. | deseti | desesi | desemi |
| PLU. | desenti | desetha | desema |
| Verbs: | |||
| K´Âati | (k´Âa) | plays | |
| Uppajjati | (pada with u) | is born | |
| Passati* | (disa) | sees | |
| Vasati | (vasa) | dwells | |
| Supati | (supa) | sleeps | |
| Vicarati | (cara with vi) | wanders, goes about |
*"Passa" is a substitute for "disa".
| Some Indeclinables: | ||
| Ajja | today | |
| Œma | yes | |
| Api | also, too | |
| Ca | also, and | |
| IdŒni | now | |
| Idha | here | |
| KadΠ| when | |
| KasmΠ| why | |
| Kuhiµ | where | |
| Kuto | whence | |
| Na | no, not | |
| Puna | again | |
| SabbadΠ| everyday | |
| SadΠ| always | |
| Saddhiµ* | with | |
*"Saddhiµ" is used with the "Instrumental" and is placed after the noun; as Narena saddhiµ - with a man.
| Illustrations: | |
| 1. | Ma–ce (loc. s.) supati |
| on the bed he sleeps | |
| 2. | NarŒ gŒmesu (loc. pl) vasanti |
| Men in the villages live | |
| 3. | DŒraka (voc. s.) kuhiµ tvaµ gacchasi? |
| child, where are you going? | |
| 4. | Janaka, ahaµ na gacchŒmi. |
| father, I am not going. | |
Exercise 4-A
| 1. | SakuöŒ rukkhesu vasanti. |
| 2. | Kassako ma–ce supati. |
| 3. | Mayaµ magge na k´ÂŒma. |
| 4. | NarΠloke uppajjanti. |
| 5. | Maggika, kuhiµ tvaµ gacchasi? |
| 6. | Œma sadŒ te na uggaöhanti. |
| 7. | MacchŒ taÂŒke k´Âanti. |
| 8. | Kuto tvaµ Œgacchasi? Janaka ahaµ idŒni ŒrŒmasmŒ ŒgacchŒmi. |
| 9. | KassakŒ sabbadŒ gŒmesu na vasanti. |
| 10. | KasmŒ tumhe ma–cesu na supatha? |
| 11. | Mayaµ samaöehi saddhiµ ŒrŒme vasŒma. |
| 12. | MacchŒ taÂŒkesu ca samuddesu ca uppajjanti. |
| 13. | Ahaµ ŒkŒse suriyaµ passŒmi, na ca candaµ. |
| 14. | Ajja vŒöijo Œpaöe vasati. |
| 15. | KasmŒ tumhe dŒrakehi saddhiµ magge k´Âatha? |
| 16. | Œma, idŒni so* 'pi gacchati, aham** 'pi gacchŒmi. |
| 17. | MaggikΠmaggesu vicaranti. |
| 18. | KassakŒ, kadŒ tumhe puna idha Œgacchatha? |
| 19. | Œcariya, sabbadŒ mayaµ Buddhaµ vandŒma. |
| 20. | VŒöijŒ maggikehi saddhiµ rathehi gŒmesu vicaranti. |
*So + api = so 'pi.
**The vowel following a Niggahita is often dropped, and the Niggahita is changed into the nasal of the group consonant that immediately follows; e.g., Ahaµ + api = aham 'pi.
Exercise 4-B
1. He is playing on the road.
2. The farmers live in the villages.
3. I do not see birds in the sky.
4. The Buddhas are not born in the world everyday.
5. Travellers, from where are you coming now?
6. We see fishes in the ponds.
7. O farmers, when do you come here again?
8. The travellers are wondering in the world.
9. We do not see the sun and the moon in the sky now.
10. Why do not ascetics live always in the mountains?
11. Yes, father, we are not playing in the garden today.
12. Why do not the sick sleep on beds?
13. O merchants, where are you always wandering?
14. Children, you are always playing with the dogs in the tank.
15. Teachers and pupils are living in the monastery now.
16. Yes, they are also going.