An Elementary Pali Course
Lesson II
A. Declension of Nouns ending in "a" (contd.)
| Nara | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Instrumental | narena | narebhi, narehi |
| by or with a man | by or with men | |
| Dative | narŒya*, narassa | narŒnaµ |
| to or for a man | to or for men | |
| Terminations | ||
| SINGULAR | PLURAL | |
| Instrumental | ena** | ebhi**, ehi** |
| Dative | Œya, ssa | naµ*** |
*This form is not frequently used.
**The Instrumental case is also used to express the Auxiliary case (TatiyŒ).
***The vowel preceding "naµ" is always long.
| Masculine Substantives: | ||
| Œdara | esteem, care, affection | |
| ŒhŒra | food | |
| Daö¶a | stick | |
| DŒsa | slave, servant | |
| GilŒna | sick person | |
| Hattha | hand | |
| Osadha | medicine | |
| Ratha | cart, chariot | |
| Samaöa | holy man, ascetic | |
| Sunakha | dog | |
| Vejja | Doctor, physician | |
B. Conjugation of Verbs
PRESENT TENSE - ACTIVE VOICE (contd.)
| 2nd Person Terminations | ||
| SINGULAR | si | |
| PLURAL | tha | |
| SINGULAR | Tvaµ pacasi | you cook, you are cooking* |
| PLURAL | Tumhe pacatha | you cook, you are cooking |
*"Thou cookest, or thou art cooking." In translation, unless specially used for archaic or poetic reasons, it is more usual to use the plural forms of modern English.
| Verbs: | |||
| deseti | (disa) | preaches | |
| Deti | (dŒ) | gives | |
| Harati | (hara) | carries | |
| Œharati | (hara with Œ*) | brings | |
| N´harati | (hara with n´*) | removes | |
| Paharati | (hara with pa*) | strikes | |
| Gacchati | (gamu) | goes | |
| Œgacchati | (gamu with Œ) | comes | |
| Labhati | (labha) | gets, receives | |
| Peseti | (pesa) | sends |
*Œ, n´, pa, etc. are Prefixes (upasagga) which when attached to nouns and verbs, modify their original sense.
| Illustrations: | |
| 1. | DŒsena (instr. s.) gacchati |
| with the slave he goes | |
| 2. | Vejjebhi (instr pl.) labhasi |
| by means of doctors you obtain | |
| 3. | Sunakhassa (dat. s.) desi |
| to the dog you give | |
| 4. | SamaöŒnaµ (dat. pl.) pesetha |
| to the ascetics you send | |
Exercise 2-A
1. Tvaµ rathena gacchasi.
2. Tvaµ Œdarena Dhammaµ desesi.
3. Tvaµ gilŒnassa osadhaµ desi.
4. Tvaµ daö¶ena sunakhaµ paharasi.
5. Tvaµ vejjŒnaµ rathe pesesi.
6. Tumhe Œdarena gilŒnŒnaµ ŒhŒraµ
detha.
7. Tumhe dŒsehi gŒmaµ* gacchatha.
8. Tumhe samanŒnaµ dhammaµ desetha.
9. Tumhe hatthehi osadhaµ labhatha.
10. Tumhe sunakhassa ŒhŒraµ haratha.
11. DŒrakŒ sunakhehi gŒmaµ gacchanti.
12. SèdŒ hatthehi ghaÊe dhovanti.
13. Tumhe gilŒne vejjassa pesetha.
14. DŒso janakassa ŒhŒraµ Œharati.
15. SamaöŒ Œdarena dhammaµ desenti.
16. Tumhe daö¶ehi sunakhe paharatha.
17. Vejjo rathena gŒmaµ Œgacchati.
18. DŒrakŒ Œdarena yŒcakŒnaµ
ŒhŒraµ denti.
19. Tvaµ samaöehi Buddhaµ vandasi.
20. Tumhe hatthehi osadhaµ n´haratha.
*Verbs implying motion take the Accusative.
Exercise 2-B
1. You are coming with the dog.
2. You are giving medicine to the ascetic.
3. You are sending a chariot to the sick person.
4. You are striking the dogs with sticks.
5. You are preaching the Doctrine to the ascetics.
6. You give food to the servants with care.
7. You are going to the village with the ascetics.
8. You are bringing a chariot for the doctor.
9. The sick are going with the servants.
10. The dogs are running with the children.
11. The Enlightened One is preaching the Doctrine to the sick.
12. The servants are giving food to the beggars.
13. The father is going with the children to the village.
14. You are going in a chariot with the servants.
15. You are carrying medicine for the father.
16. You get medicine through* the doctor.
*Use the Instrumental case.